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¬ü°ê³Ì°ªªk°|6¤ë26¤é±À½¤FµØ²±¹y¯S°Ï¹ê¦æ32¦~ªº¸Tºj¥O¡A¦¹¸T¥Oªø¤[¥H¨Ó³Q¤ä«ù¾ÖºjªÌ»{¬°ÉO¾Ëªk²Ä¤G±ø­×¥¿®×¬Û©èàD¡A¸Ó±ø´Ú«ü¥X¡G¡§¤@¬ö«ß¨}¦nªº¥Á§L¡A¬O«O»Ù¦Û¥Ñ°ê®a¦w¥þ©Ò¥²¶·¡A³o¨Ç¤H«ù¦³ªZ¾¹ªºÅv§Q¡A¤£®e«I¥Ç¡C¡¨

¦¹±ø´Ú¦Û1791¦~³q¹L¦Ü¤µ¡A¦ý³Ì°ªªk°|6¤ë26¤é¥¼¹ï¨ã¦³ª§Ä³ªº¾Ëªk²Ä¤G±ø­×¥¿®×°µ¥XÄÄÄÀ¡Q¤ä«ù­Ó¤H¾ÖºjªÌ»{¬°±ø´Ú¤¤ªº¡§¥Á§L¡¨«üªº¬O¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¡A¦Ó¤Ï¹ï¾ÖºjªÌ«h»{¬°«üªº¬Oĵ¹î©Î¦w¥þ³¡¶¤¡C

³ìªv±ö´Ë¤j¾Ç¡]George Mason University¡^ªk«ß¨t±Ð±Â³Áº¸§¢¡]Joyce Lee Malcolm¡^¡C¡]³ìªv±ö´Ë¤j¾Ç¡^

µØ²±¹y¯S°Ï¦Û1976¦~¹{¥¬¸T¤âºj¥O¡A¸T¤î¥«¥ÁÄâ±a¤âºj¡A¤£¹L­ã³\©~¥Á§â¨Bºj©ÎÂyºj©ñ¦b®a¤¤¡A¦ý¦s©ñ³B¥²¶·¤WÂê¡A¥B¤l¼u¤£±o¤W½£¡A³Ì°ªªk°|ªº§P¨M±N­n¨D¦s©ñ³B¤WÂêÉO¤£±o¤W½£ªº³W©w§¡±À½¡A¦ý«O¯dºjªK°õ·Óªº³W©w¡C

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¤£¹Lªk©x¥¬µÜº¸¡]Stephen Breyer¡^«o»{¬°¡A¡§¦b¥Ç¸oÀWÁcªº«°¥«¦a°Ï¡A±N¤W½£ªº¤âºj©ñ¦b®a¤¤¡]ªº¦æ¬°¡^¡A¦b¾Ëªk¤¤¨S¦³¥Ñ²Ä¤G±ø­×¥¿®×¨Ó«OµýªºµL¤WÅv¤O¡C¡¨

¦hºûªÀ´N¦¹§P¨Mªö³X¤F¦h¦ì±M®a¡A¦³¤HÃÙ¦¨­Ó¤H¦³Åv¾Öºj¡A¦ý¤]¦³¤H»{¬°¡A´î¤ÖºjªK¨ú±oºÞ¹D¡A¤~¯à­°§C¥Ç¸o²v¡C

¯Ã¬ù¤j¾Çªk«ß¨t±Ð±Â¨©º¸¡]Derrick A. Bell, Jr.¡^¡C¡]¯Ã¬ù¤j¾Ç¡^

¥v©ZºÖ¤j¾Ç¬Fªv¬ì¾Ç¨t±Ð±Â¡A¦P®É¬°¾ú¥v¾Ç®aªº¹p§J¤Ò¡]Jack Rakove¡^¹ï¦hºûªÀªí¥Ü¡A³Ì°ªªk°|ªº§P¨MÀ³Åý¤Ï¹ïºjªKªÌ³YÉÝ¡A¦]¬°³o¶µ§P¨M¦³¥i¯à¬°¨ä¥Lªk°|§P¨MÉÛ¥ý¨Ò¡C

¡§³Ì°ªªk°|¦b¦¹®×¥ó¤Wªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¬O¦^Âk¨ì¤@¯ëªº¶Ç²ÎÆ[©À¤W¡A¤@ª½¨ì1789¦~®ÉÁÙ¬O³o¼Ë¸ÑÄÀ¡A¤]´N¬O¥Á§L©Ò¥Nªíªº¬°¡¥¦¨¦~¨k©Ê¤H¤f¡¦¡]adult male population¡^¡A¦Ó³Ì°ªªk°|«h¬O±N¥Á§L©µ¦ù¬°¥þ¥Á¡C¡¨¹p§J¤Ò»¡¡C

´¿òݱo´¶§Qµ¦¼ú(Pulitzer Prize)¡A¦}µÛ¦³¦h³¡¬Fªv¡B¾ú¥v¬ÛÃö®ÑÄyªº¹p§J¤Ò¤ÀªR¡G¡§ÁöµM¦¹¶µ§P¨MÅýµØ©²ªº©~¥Á¦³Åv¾Öºj¡A¦ý§P¨M¦b©¹¦Z·|¦p¦ó¼vÅT¨ä¥Lªº¬ü°êºjªKªk¡AÁÙ¦³«ÝÆ[¹î¡Qªk«ß¤¹³\ªº½d³ò¬O¦h¤j¤~¬O³Q±µ¨üªº¡B¥¼¨Ó¬ÛÃö®×¥óªº«Å§PÀ³«ç¼Ë¤~¬O¦X²zªº¡A³£ÁÙµLªk¤U©w½×¡A¥¼¨Óªk©x¦b¨ä¥L®×¥ó¤W°µ¨M©w®É¡A¤]»Ý­n«Üªø¤@¬q®É¶¡ªº«ä¦Ò¤~µ²®×¡C¡¨

¤£¹L¡A¹p§J¤ÒÚÌ«H¡Aªk©x¤£·|¦P·NÅý­«¦D¥Ç¾Ö¦³ºjªK¡A¦]¬°³o¤£¦b¦X²z½d³ò¡C¦b³Ì°ªªk°|§P¨M¥XÄl¦Z¡A³¡¤À¤H¤h¾á¤ß³s­«¦D¥Ç³£¥i¨ü¨ì¼e®e¦Ó¾Öºj¡C

­C¾|¤j¾Çªk«ß¨t±Ð±Â­ð¯Ç­×¡]John J. Donohue III¡^¡C¡]­C¾|¤j¾Ç¡^

¦P¼Ë¦a¡A¹ï¤_¦¹§P¨M¬O§_·|¼vÅT¥Ç¸o²v¡A¹p§J¤Ò¤]»{¬°ÁÙ«ÜÃø»¡¡C¡§¬ü°ê¹Ò¤º¤w¸g¦³³\¦hºjªK¡A«ÜÃø¥h­°§C³o­Ó¼Æ¶q¡AÉÛ©ñ­Ó¤HºjªKªk¤]³\¤£·|¹ï¥Ç¸o²v¦³¼vÅT¡A¦ý§Ú»{¬°¬F©²ÁÙ¬OÀ³¸Ó¦bºjªK¾Ö¦³¤W¦³©Ò­­¨î¡C¡¨

ÁöµM¹p§J¤Ò¬Û«H³\¦h¬ü°ê¤H¬O±Nºj¥Î¦b¦Xªk¥Î³~¤W¡A¦ý¥L¤]»{¬°¦{©MÁp¨¹¬F©²À³¸Ó°w¹ï¾Öºj©Î¸Tºj¨î­q§ó¦nªºªk¥O¡AÅýºjªK¨Ï¥Î¯à§ó¦w¥þ¡C

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¦P®É¬°¾ú¥v¾Ç®aÉO¾Ëªk¬ã¨s¾ÇªÌªº¹ï³Áº¸§¢¦hºûªÀªí¥Ü¡A¨C­Ó¦{¬F©²³£¤£¯à­é¹Ü¤H¥Á«OÅ@¦Û¤vªºÅv¤O¡C

³Áº¸§¢µÛ¦³'«ù¦³ÉO®e§ÔºjªK¡G¬ü°ê¦è«n³¡¥_¼Ú¸Ç¤Hªº­ì¦³Åv§Q'¡]To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right¡^¡A¦o¦b®Ñ¤¤°Q½×¤F­Ó¤H¾ÖºjªºÅv§Q¡C

¦òù¨½¹F¤j¾Çªk«ß¨t±Ð±Â»ú¡]Kenneth B. Nunn¡^¡C¡]¦òù¨½¹F¤j¾Ç¡^

¡§µØ©²ªº¸T¤âºj¥O¦b³o32¦~¨Ó¦}¥¼À°§U­°§C¥Ç¸o²v¡A¦]¬°¸o¥Ç¤´¾Ö¦³ºjªK¡A¤Ï­Ë¬O·í¤@¯ë¤H¤]¯à¦Xªk¾Öºj¦Z¡A¸o¥Ç±N·|¦³©Òĵı¡A±N¥iÀ°§U­°§C¥Ç¸o²v¡C¡¨³Áº¸§¢»¡¡C

¹ï¤_¤ä«ù­Ó¤H¾Öºjªº²z¥Ñ¡A³Áº¸§¢¸É¥R¡G¡§Äµ¹î¤£¥i¯àÁ`¬O¦b¨C­Ó¤Hªº©P³ò¡A¤H¥Á¦³Åv«OÅ@¦Û¤vÉO®a¤H¡A¦³§K¤_®£ÄߪºÅv¤O¡A¤×¨ä¬O¤k©Ê¡A¦pªG¥L­Ì¦³ºj¡A«h¥i©è§Ü¨k©Ê¡A¦]¦¹§ÚÃÙ¦¨­Ó¤H¾Ö¦³ºjªK¡C¡¨³Áº¸§¢¸É¥R¡C

¦P¼ËÃöª`¦¹Ä³ÃDªº­C¾|¤j¾Çªk«ß¨t±Ð±Â­ð¯Ç­×¡]John J. Donohue III¡^¹ï¦hºûªÀªí¥Ü¡A³Ì°ªªk°|·|¦³³o¼Ëªºµ²ªG¥L¤£·N¥~¡A¦]¬°¤jªk©xªÖ¥§­}¡]Anthony Kennedy¡^³Ì¦Z¯¸¦b¤F¦h¼Æªº¤@¤è¡A¥L¦V¨Ó¬°¯S¥ß¿W¦æªº°¾«O¦u¬£ªk©x¡C

¡§³o¹ï¦@©MÐÞ¨Ó»¡¬O­Ó¬FªvijÃD¡A¦Ó¦¹¦¸§P¨M¡A¦@©MÐÞ¡]ªk©x¡^¨M©w¨«¦P¤@±ø¸ô¡C¡¨­ð¯Ç­×»¡¡C

¡§µØ©²ªººjªKªk¬O¥þ°ê³ÌÄY®æªº¡A¦p¤µµØ©²ªº¸T¥O¨ü¨ì¬D¾Ô¡A¥¼¨Ó¥i¯à·|¼vÅT¨ì¥þ°êªººjªKºÞ¨îªk¡C¦ý§ÚÚÌ«H¡A¥þ°ê¨Bºj¨ó·|¡]National Rifle Association¡^¥¼¨Ó¥²©w·|¬D¾Ô§ó¦hªººjªKªk¡A´Á±æªk¥O¯à¦A©ñ¼e¡C¡¨¤£¹L¡A¥L¹ï¦hºûªÀªí¥Ü¡G¡§ÁöµM¥þ°ê¨Bºj¨ó·|¥i¯à·|¬D¾Ô³o¶µ³W©w¡A¦ý§Ú¤£»{¬°³Ì°ªªk°|±N·|±À½Áp¨¹ªk«ß¹ï¤_­««¬¥Ç¤£¯àÁʶRºjªKªºªk«ß¡C¡¨

¥v©ZºÖ¤j¾Ç¬Fªv¬ì¾Ç¨t±Ð±Â¹p§J¤Ò¡]Jack Rakove¡^¡C¡]ºô¸ô¹Ï¤ù¡^

¦Ü¤_¦¹§P¨M¹ï¥Ç¸o²vªº¼vÅT¡A­ð¯Ç­×»{¬°¡G¡§¬ü°ê¤w¸g¨ì³B³£¦³ºjªK¤F¡A©Ò¥H¡AÁöµMµØ©²±N¨«¦V¥t¤@­Ó¬Û¤Ïªº¹D¸ô¡A¦ý§Ú¤£Ä±±o¥Ç¸o²v·|¦]¦¹¦³©Ò§ïÅÜ¡C¡¨

¨­¬°¬ü°ê«ß®v¨ó·|¡]American Bar Association¡^ºjªKÉOºjªK¹Hªk©e­û·|¡]Committee of Gun and Gun Violence¡^¦¨­ûªº¦òù¨½¹F¤j¾Çªk«ß¨t±Ð±Â»ú¡]Kenneth B. Nunn¡^¹ï¦hºûªÀªí¥Ü¡A³o­Ó§P¨Mªº­«ÂI¦b¡A¾Ö¦³ºjªKªºÅv¤OÀ³¸Ó¦b¤H¥ÁÁÙ¬O¥Á§Lªº¨­¤W¡A¦Ó³Ì°ªªk°|³Ì²×±N¦¹Åv§Pµ¹µØ©²©~¥Á¡C

»ú»{¬°¡A¦¹ªk±N·|¼vÅT¥Ç¸o²v¡C¡§¬ü°ê«ß®v¨ó·|ºjªKÉOºjªK¹Hªk©e­û·|ªº¥ß³õ¬O¡A´î¤ÖºjªKªº¨ú±o¡A±N¥i´î¤Ö¬ü°ê¹Ò¤º­Ó¤H¹Hªk¨Æ¥óªºµo¥Í¡A­Ó¤H¹Hªk¨Æ¥ó¤¤¦³ªº¬O¥Ç¸o¨Æ¥ó¡A¦³ªº¬O·N¥~¨Æ¥ó¡A¦Ó¨ä¤¤¤âºj¦b¹Hªk¨Æ¥ó¤¤¦³­«­n¨¤¦â¡A¦]¦¹§Ú»{¬°´î¤Ö¤âºjªº¨ú±o¡A±N·|¨Ï¥Ç¸o²v­°§C¡C¡¨

¤£¹L¡A»ú¤]«D¥þ­±¤Ï¹ï­Ó¤H«ù¦³ºjªK¡A¥L»{¬°¡A­Y¦b«D«°¥«¡B¥Ç¸o¨Æ¥ó§Cªº¦a°Ï¡A¾Ö¦³ºjªK¬O¥i¥Hªº¡A¦ý­Y¬O¦b¥Ç¸o²v°ª¡BÀ°¬£¶°µ²ªº¦a°Ï¡AºjªKÀ³ÄY¥[ºÞ¨î¡C

¯Ã¬ù¤j¾Çªk«ß¨t±Ð±Â¨©º¸¡]Derrick A. Bell, Jr.¡^«h±q¬Fªv¨¤«×¤ÀªR¦¹¨Æ¡A¥L¹ï¦hºûªÀºÙ¡A³Ì°ªªk°|«Å§Pªº³o¤@¤é¡A¹ï®`©ÈºjªK¥Ç¸o¼W¥[ªº¤H¨Ó»¡¡A¬O´d«sªº¤@¤Ñ¡C

¡§«O¦u¬£±N·|Åw©I¡A¦Ó¤ä«ùºjªKªÌ±N·|§â¦¹Ä³ÃD±a°¾¡A®³¤§ÉO¥Á¥DÐÞ­Ô¿ï¤H¹ï§Ü¡C¡¨¨©º¸ºÙ¡C

³Ì°ªªk°|ªº§P¨M¬O°w¹ïµØ©²Áp¨¹ªk°|ĵ½Ã»®°Ç¡]Dick Anthony Heller¡^ÉOµØ©²ªº®×¤l¨Ó«Å§P¡C

»®°Ç¥Ó½Ð¨p¤H¾Öºj¾D©Ú¡A¥L¤_¬O±NµØ©²§i¤Wªk®x¡AÁp¨¹¤W¶Dªk°|´¿§P¨MµØ©²¹H¾Ë¡A¦ýµØ©²¤£ªA¡A±N¦¹®×¤W¶D¦Ü³Ì°ªªk°|¡C

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